Abstracts tagged "giant cell arteritis"

Abstract Number: 1406 • ACR Convergence 2021
Incidence and General Clinical Features of Giant Cell Arteritis in the ARTESER Multicenter Study
Jesús T. Sánchez-Costa¹, Rafael B. Melero-González², Elisa Fernández-Fernández³, María T. Silva-Diaz⁴, Joaquín M. Belzunegui⁵, Clara Moriano⁶, Julio Sánchez⁷, Judit Lluch⁸, Itziar Calvo⁹, Vicente Aldasoro¹⁰, Lydia Abasolo¹¹, Javier Loricera¹², Alberto Ruíz-Román¹³, Santos Castañeda¹⁴, Patricia Moya¹⁵, María J. Garcia-Villanueva¹⁶, Vanessa A. Navarro-Angeles¹⁷, Carles Galisteo¹⁸, Anne Riveros-Frutos¹⁹, Jose A. Román-Ivorra²⁰, Selene Labrada-Arrabal²¹, Margarida Vasques-Rocha²², Carlota L. Iñiguez-Ubiaga²³, María García-González²⁴, Clara Molina-Almela²⁵, María Alcalde-Villar²⁶, Antonio Juan Mas²⁷, Eugenio De Miguel²⁸, Javier Narvaez²⁹, Miguel Ángel gonzalez-Gay³⁰, Noemí Garrido-Puñal¹³, Paula V. Estrada-Alarcon¹⁷ and Ricardo Blanco³¹, ¹Research unit, Spanish Society of Rheumatology, Madrid, Spain, ²Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain, ³Rheumatology department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain, ⁴Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de La Coruña, Coruña, Spain, ⁵Hospital Universitario Donostia, Donostia-San Sebasti, Spain, ⁶Hospital Universitario de León, León, Spain, ⁷Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain, ⁸Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain, ⁹Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain, ¹⁰Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, ¹¹Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain, ¹²Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain, ¹³Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain, ¹⁴Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain, ¹⁵Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain, ¹⁶Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain, ¹⁷Hospital de Sant Joan Despí Moisès Broggi. Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Spain, ¹⁸Hospital Universitari Parc Tauli, Saadell, Spain, ¹⁹Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain, ²⁰Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain, ²¹Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain, ²²Hospital Universitario Araba, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, ²³Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, Lugo, Spain, ²⁴Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain, ²⁵Rheumatology Department, Consorci Hospital General Universitari de Valencia, Valencia, Spain, ²⁶Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Spain, ²⁷Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Son Llàtzer, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, ²⁸Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain, ²⁹Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain, ³⁰Research group on Genetic Epidemiology and Atherosclerosis in Systemic Diseases and in Metabolic Bone Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System, IDIVAL, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla; School of Medicine, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, ³¹Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
Background/Purpose: Epidemiological information on Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) comes mainly from the Scandinavian countries of northern Europe, which show a higher incidence than the countries…
Abstract Number: 1867 • ACR Convergence 2021
Investigating Adenosine Deaminase 2 Activity in Large Vessel Vasculitis
Andrew Porter¹, Robert Maughan¹, Charis Pericleous¹, Allan Kiprianos¹, Hyuk Jee², Pui Lee², Taryn Youngstein¹ and Justin Mason¹, ¹Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, ²Boston Children's Hospital, Newton, MA
Background/Purpose: Deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2) leads to a broad phenotype that in some resembles polyarteritis nodosa with fever and rash, but in others…
Abstract Number: 0652 • ACR Convergence 2021
Application of a GCA Probability Score to Patients Referred to a GCA Fast Track Clinic
Mmoloki Mathake¹, Julia Murdoch², Andrew Taylor³, Jean-Louis deSousa², Kathy Jao², Rachel Li² and Helen Keen⁴, ¹Fiona Stanley Hospital, Beckenham, Australia, ²Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia, ³Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia, ⁴Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
Background/Purpose: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common large vessel vasculitis, and may be associated with irreversible blindness(1). It is therefore essential to make…
Abstract Number: 1408 • ACR Convergence 2021
Treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis in the ARTESER Multicenter Study of 1675 Patients
Jesús T. Sánchez-Costa¹, Iñigo Hernández-Rodríguez², Elisa Fernández-Fernández³, María T. Silva-Diaz⁴, Jesús A. Valero-Jaimes⁵, Ismael González-Fernández⁶, Julio Sánchez⁷, Judit Lluch⁸, Eva Galindez-Agirregoikoa⁹, Javier Mendizábal-Mateos¹⁰, Pia M. Lois Bermejo¹¹, Javier Loricera¹², Alejandro Muñoz¹³, Cristina Valero-Martínez¹⁴, Patricia Moya¹⁵, Carmen Larena-Grijalba¹⁶, Vanessa A. Navarro-Angeles¹⁷, Joan Calvet-Fontova¹⁸, Ivette Casafont¹⁹, Francisco Ortiz-Sanjuán²⁰, Selene Labrada-Arrabal²¹, Jaime Calvo-Alén²², Carlota L. Iñiguez-Ubiaga²³, Vanesa Hernández²⁴, Cristina Campos-Fernández²⁵, María Alcalde-Villar²⁶, Antonio Juan-Mas²⁷, Eugenio De Miguel²⁸, Javier Narvaez²⁹, Miguel Ángel gonzalez-Gay³⁰, Noemí Garrido-Puñal³¹, Paula V. Estrada-Alarcon¹⁷ and Ricardo Blanco³², ¹Spanish Society of Rheumatology, Madrid, Spain, ²Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain, ³Rheumatology department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain, ⁴Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de La Coruña, Coruña, Spain, ⁵Hospital Universitario Donostia, Donostia-San Sebasti, Spain, ⁶Hospital Universitario de León, León, Spain, ⁷Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain, ⁸Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain, ⁹Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain, ¹⁰H. Navarra, Navarra, Spain, ¹¹Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain, ¹²Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain, ¹³Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevial, Spain, ¹⁴Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain, ¹⁵Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain, ¹⁶Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain, ¹⁷Hospital de Sant Joan Despí Moisès Broggi. Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Spain, ¹⁸Hospital Universitari Parc Tauli, Sabadell, Spain, ¹⁹Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Badalona, Spain, ²⁰H. La Fe, Valencia, Spain, ²¹Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain, ²²Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Araba, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, ²³Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, Lugo, Spain, ²⁴Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain, ²⁵Consorci Hospital General Universitari de Valencia, Valencia, Spain, ²⁶Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Spain, ²⁷Hospital Universitario Son Llàtzer, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, ²⁸Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain, ²⁹Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain, ³⁰Research group on Genetic Epidemiology and Atherosclerosis in Systemic Diseases and in Metabolic Bone Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System, IDIVAL, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla; School of Medicine, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, ³¹Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain, ³²Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
Background/Purpose: Glucocorticoids (GC) are the mainstay therapy in Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), initially at high doses (40-60 mg/day) followed by gradual glucocorticoid tapering. This treatment,…
Abstract Number: 1882 • ACR Convergence 2021
Clinical Characteristics and Reliability of a Self-Reported Diagnosis of Large-Vessel Vasculitis
Tannaz Kermani¹, Jason Springer², Dianne Shaw³, Kalen Young⁴, Cristina Burroughs⁵ and Peter Merkel⁶, ¹University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, ²Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Franklin, TN, ³Vasculitis Foundation, Chapel Hill, NC, ⁴Vasculitis Foundation, Kansas City, MO, ⁵Health Informatics Institute, Tampa, FL, ⁶University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
Background/Purpose: To compare the clinical characteristics and determine the reliability of a self-reported diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) or Takayasu’s arteritis (TAK) from an…
Abstract Number: 0952 • ACR Convergence 2021
Outcomes of COVID-19 Infection in Patients with Primary Systemic Vasculitis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica: Results from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance Physician Registry
Sebastian Sattui¹, Richard Conway², Michael Putman³, Andrea Seet⁴, Kaley Beins⁵, Catherine Hill⁶, David Liew⁷, Sarah Mackie⁸, Puja Mehta⁹, Lorna Neill¹⁰, Gimena Gomez¹¹, Maria Salinas¹², Federico Maldonado¹³, Henrique Moriz¹⁴, Samia Studart¹⁵, NAFICE ARAUJO¹⁶, Ann Knight¹⁷, Davide Rozza¹⁸, Luca Quartuccio¹⁹, Maxime Samson²⁰, Stephane Bally²¹, Alexandre Maria²², Pascal Chazerain²³, Rebecca Hasseli²⁴, Ulf Müller-Ladner²⁵, Bimba Franziska Hoyer²⁶, Reinhard Voll²⁷, Rita Pinheiro Torres²⁸, Mariana Luis²⁹, Sandra Lúcia Ribeiro³⁰, Samar Al Emadi³¹, Jeffrey Sparks³², Tiffany Hsu³³, Kristin D'Silva³⁴, Naomi Patel³⁴, Leanna Wise³⁵, Emily Gilbert³⁶, Maria Valenzuela-Almada³⁷, Ali Duarte-Garcia³⁸, Manuel Ugarte-Gil³⁹, Emily Sirotich⁴⁰, Jean Liew⁴¹, Jonathan Hausmann⁴², Paul Sufka⁴³, Suleman Bhana⁴⁴, Rebecca Grainger⁴⁵, Wendy Costello⁴⁶, Lindsay Jacobsohn⁴⁷, Zara Izadi⁴, Anja Strangfeld⁴⁸, Elsa Frazão Mateus⁴⁹, Kimme Hyrich⁵⁰, Laure Gossec⁵¹, Loreto Carmona⁵², Saskia Lawson-Tovey⁵⁰, Lianne Kearsley-Fleet⁵³, Martin Schaefer⁵⁴, Milena Gianfrancesco⁴, Pedro Machado⁵⁵, Zachary Wallace³⁴, Jinoos Yazdany⁴ and Philip Robinson⁵⁶, ¹Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, ²St. James's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland, ³Medical College of Wisconsin, Brookfield, WI, ⁴University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, ⁵Vasculitis Foundation, Kansas City, MO, ⁶Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, Australia, ⁷Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia, ⁸School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, ⁹University College London, London, United Kingdom, ¹⁰PMR GCA Scotland, Perth, United Kingdom, ¹¹Research Unit Argentine Society of Rheumatology, Buenos Aires, Argentina, ¹²Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina, ¹³Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, Argentina, ¹⁴Hospital das Clinicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil, ¹⁵HOSPITAL GERAL DE FORTALEZA, Fortaleza, Brazil, ¹⁶Instituto de ASsistencia Medica ao Servidor Publico Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, ¹⁷Rheumatology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, ¹⁸Epidemiology Research Unit, Italian Society of Rheumatology, Rome, Italy, ¹⁹Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy, ²⁰CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Hpital Franois Mitterrand, Dijon, Dijon, France, ²¹Nephrology and Dialysis Service, Metropole Savoie Hospital Center, Chambery, France, ²²Department of Internal Medicine and Multiorganic Diseases, Saint-Eloi University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France, ²³Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Diaconesses Croix Saint Simon Hospital, Paris, France, ²⁴Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Campus Kerckhoff, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Bad Nauheim, Germany., Bad Nauheim, Germany, ²⁵JLU Giessen, Campus Kerckhoff, Dept. Rheum & Clin Immunol, Bad Nauheim, Germany, ²⁶Universittsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany, ²⁷Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, ²⁸Rheumatology Service, Egas Moniz Hospital, Lisboa Occidental Hospital Centre, Lisbon, Portugal, ²⁹Department of Rheumatology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portuga, Coimbra, Portugal, ³⁰Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Amazonas, Brazil, ³¹Hamad medical corporation, Doha, Qatar, ³²Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, ³³Brigham and Women's Hospital, Jamaica Plain, MA, ³⁴Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, ³⁵LAC+USC/Keck Medicine of USC, Pasadena, CA, ³⁶Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, ³⁷Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, ³⁸Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, ³⁹Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Essalud/Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru, ⁴⁰McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, ⁴¹Boston University, Boston, MA, ⁴²Boston Children's Hospital / Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Cambridge, MA, ⁴³HealthPartners, Eagan, MN, ⁴⁴Crystal Run Health, Montvale, NJ, ⁴⁵University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand, ⁴⁶Irish Children's Arthritis Network, Bansha, Ireland, ⁴⁷University of California San Francisco, Antioch, CA, ⁴⁸Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany, ⁴⁹Liga Portuguesa Contra as Doenças Reumáticas (LPCDR), Lisbon, Portugal, ⁵⁰University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, ⁵¹Sorbonne Université and Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France, ⁵²Instituto de Salud Musculoesqueltica (InMusc), Madrid, Spain, ⁵³Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, ⁵⁴German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany, ⁵⁵Centre for Rheumatology & Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁵⁶University of Queensland School of Clinical Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, Herston, Australia
Background/Purpose: Patients with primary systemic vasculitis (PSV) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) may be at high risk for poor COVID-19 outcomes due to the treatments used,…
Abstract Number: 1409 • ACR Convergence 2021
Clinical Features at Disease Onset of Different Subsets of Large-vessel-giant Cell Arteritis in a Monocentric Cohort of 100 Patients
Francesca Regola¹, Giovanni Bosio², Laura Andreoli³, Franco Franceschini¹ and Paola Toniati¹, ¹Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy, ²Nuclear Medicine Unit, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy, ³University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Background/Purpose: Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) is the most frequent systemic vasculitis in patients older than 50 years involving medium-sized and large arteries. Inflammation of the…
Abstract Number: 1194 • ACR Convergence 2021
A Module on Large Vessel Vasculitis for Learners in Rheumatology
David Shoemaker¹, Stamatina Danielides¹, Abhishek Nandan¹, Huzaefah Syed², Beth Rubinstein¹ and Seema Patel¹, ¹Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, ²Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA
Background/Purpose: Of the rheumatic disorders that learners are expected to know, the vasculitides are among the hardest to grasp. Their pathogenesis is not well-established, they…
Abstract Number: 1410 • ACR Convergence 2021
Predictors of Relapse in Giant-Cell Arteritis: A Retrospective Single Center Analysis
Kathleena D'Anna¹, David Lim², Lorena Salto¹ and Mehrnaz Hojjati¹, ¹Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, ²Loma Linda University Health, Redlands, CA
Background/Purpose: Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) is the most common systemic vasculitis in North America, typically affecting Caucasian female adults over 50 years of age. Flares…
Abstract Number: L06 • ACR Convergence 2020
Mavrilimumab (anti GM-CSF Receptor α Monoclonal Antibody) Reduces Time to Flare and Increases Sustained Remission in a Phase 2 Trial of Patients with Giant Cell Arteritis
Maria C. Cid¹, Sebastian Unizony², Lara Pupim³, Fang Fang⁴, Joseph Pirrello³, Ai Ren⁴, Manoj Samant⁴, Teresa Zhou⁴ and John F Paolini⁴, ¹Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, ²Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, ³Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA, ⁴Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Lexington
Background/Purpose: T helper (Th)1 and Th17 lymphocytes play a role in the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Current treatments (e.g., corticosteroids and tocilizumab) target…
Abstract Number: 0517 • ACR Convergence 2020
Trends in the Incidence and Use of Diagnostic Modalities for Giant Cell Arteritis over Seven Decades: A Population-based Study
Thomas Garvey¹, Cynthia Crowson², Matthew J. Koster³ and Kenneth Warrington³, ¹Mayo Clinic Rochester, Apple Valley, MN, ²Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, Rochester, MN, ³Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
Background/Purpose: Diagnostic methods for giant cell arteritis (GCA) have evolved over recent decades, and large vessel imaging plays an increasing role in disease detection. The…
Abstract Number: 1928 • ACR Convergence 2020
Quantitative Ultrasound of Temporal, Axillary and Subclavian Arteries to Monitor Tocilizumab Treatment in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Giant Cell Arteritis: A 24 Week Analysis
Luca Seitz¹, Lisa Christ¹, Godehard Scholz¹, Fabian Lötscher¹, Jennifer Amsler¹, Florian Kollert¹, Stephan Reichenbach¹ and Peter Villiger¹, ¹Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland, Bern, Switzerland
Background/Purpose: Tocilizumab (TCZ) suppresses CRP. Thus, CRP cannot be used as a marker for disease activity in GCA patients treated with TCZ and monitoring of…
Abstract Number: 1945 • ACR Convergence 2020
Characterization of Visual Manifestations and Identification of Risk Factors for Permanent Vision Loss in Patients with Giant Cell Arteritis
Hussein Baalbaki¹, Darya Jalaledin², Catherine Lachance² and Jean-Paul Makhzoum³, ¹Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada, ²Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada, ³Vasculitis Clinic, Canadian Network for Research on Vasculitides (CanVasc), Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Background/Purpose: Permanent vision loss (PVL) is a feared complication and a leading cause of morbidity in Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA). Multiple risk factors for ocular…
Abstract Number: 0518 • ACR Convergence 2020
The Impact of Large Vessel Vasculitis of the Axillary Artery on Cumulative Glucocorticoid Dose and Relapse Rate in Giant Cell Arteritis
Philipp Bosch¹, Christian Dejaco², Wolfgang Schmidt³, Andreas Krause³, Kenny-Davis Schlüter³, Gudrun Pregartner⁴ and Valentin Schaefer⁵, ¹Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria, ²Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria and Rheumatology Service, Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy, Bruneck, Italy, ³Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin, Medical Center for Rheumatology Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany, ⁴Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria, ⁵Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
Background/Purpose: Prognostic markers for clinical outcomes in giant cell arteritis (GCA) are urgently needed. While large vessel GCA (LV-GCA) has been associated with higher glucocorticoid…
Abstract Number: 1929 • ACR Convergence 2020
Visual Ischemia During Relapse and Follow-up of Giant Cell Arteritis: A Systematic Review
Kubra Bugdayli¹, Patompong Ungprasert², Kenneth Warrington³ and Matthew J. Koster³, ¹Case Western Reserve University MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, ²Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, ³Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
Background/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the frequency of visual ischemia (VI) as a manifestation of relapse or during follow-up in patients…

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